TRIETHANOLAMINE

To evaluate the efficacy of trolamine in preventing radiotherapy-associated skin toxicity in patients with breast cancer. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Data, VIP Database, and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM). The included randomized controlled trials focused on the incidence of grade 0 to 1 cutaneous toxicity, the incidence of grade 2 cutaneous toxicity, the incidence of grade 2 or higher cutaneous toxicity, and the incidence of grade 3 or higher cutaneous toxicity. Data on participant demographics, intervention details, and outcome measures were collected from the selected studies. A total of 10 randomized controlled trials involving 980 patients with breast cancer were included. Results showed that the incidence of grade 0 to 1 skin toxicity was significantly higher in the trolamine group (RR = 1.89; 95% CI [1.05, 3.40]; P = .03), whereas the incidence of grade 2 (RR = 0.51; 95% CI [0.27, 0.96]; P = .04), grade 2 or higher (RR = 0.52; 95% CI [0.31, 0.87]; P = .01), and grade 3 or higher (RR = 0.37; 95% CI [0.23, 0.62]; P = .0001) skin toxicity was significantly lower. Based on the GRADE approach, the quality of evidence was rated as "low" for grades 0 to 1, grade 2, and grade 2 or higher skin toxicity, whereas evidence for grade 3 or higher skin toxicity was rated as "moderate." Trolamine significantly reduces the incidence of grade 2 and higher skin toxicity, particularly grade 3 or higher skin toxicity.

Heparin's coagulation factor inhibitory activity varies depending on its molecular size. Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), which has fewer side effects, such as bleeding, compared to unfractionated heparin, has attracted attention. To develop a LMWH formulation with high skin permeability, a LMWH-TEA (LMWH-triethanolamine) cream formulation with improved liposolubility was developed by replacing the metal ion complex of LMWH into its TEA complex. A method for quantifying LMWH-TEA was established using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The partition coefficient of LMWH-TEA increased with decreasing pH, indicating enhanced lipophilicity under acidic conditions. In the skin permeation study, LMWH-TEA showed higher skin permeability than LMWHNa for up to 48 h. In the carrageenan-induced rat tail thrombosis model, the group treated with 0.5 g of LMWH-TEA 0.3 % cream exhibited substantially greater antithrombotic efficacy compared to both the untreated control group and the group treated with LMWHNa 0.3 % cream. LMWH-TEA can serve as a novel transdermal formulation of LMWH and may be widely adopted in clinical practice.

Plant-derived medicinal materials have significant potential and promising applications in wound healing and skin regeneration. This study aims to develop a plant-based extract hydrogel from Bletilla striata (Thunb.Reichb.f.), specifically a glucosyloxybenzyl 2-isobutylmalates extract (B), and characterize its potential effects on wound healing. We synthesized the hydrogel using carbomer (C), glycerol (G), and triethanolamine (T) as the matrix, incorporating B into the hydrogel base, and evaluated its physical and chemical properties. In vitro tests assessed the biocompatibility of the glucosyloxybenzyl 2-isobutylmalates-carbomer-glycerol-triethanolamine (B-CGT) hydrogel and its effects on cell proliferation, migration, and adhesion. Animal model experiments evaluated its potential to promote wound healing. The results showed that the prepared B-CGT hydrogel possessed a good three-dimensional network structure and stability, demonstrating significant free radical scavenging capacity in antioxidant tests. In cell experiments, the B-CGT hydrogel exhibited no potential cytotoxicity and showed good hemocompatibility and promotion of cell proliferation. Animal experiments indicated that wounds treated with the B-CGT hydrogel healed significantly faster, with improved formation of new epithelial tissue and collagen. This study suggests that the developed B-CGT hydrogel is a promising candidate for wound dressings, with excellent physicochemical properties and controlled drug release capabilities, effectively promoting the wound healing process.

Skin wound healing is a complex biological process requiring coordinated cellular responses and extracellular matrix remodeling. Type III collagen (COL3A) plays a critical role in early-stage tissue repair, but its direct application is limited by poor stability and transdermal delivery. In this study, a sterile transdermal peptide-recombinant type III collagen (transdermal peptide-hCOL3A) hydrogel was developed to enhance biological activity and promote wound healing. The hydrogel was formulated using a carbomer matrix combined with trehalose, propylene glycol, triethanolamine, and the transdermal peptide-hCOL3A protein. Protein integrity was confirmed via SDS-PAGE analysis. The resulting hydrogel exhibited uniform structure and favorable physical properties. A full-thickness skin defect model in mice was established to evaluate therapeutic efficacy. Compared with the control hydrogel, the transdermal peptide-hCOL3A-loaded hydrogel significantly accelerated wound closure, as evidenced by faster reduction in wound area and improved healing progression over 7-8 days. These results demonstrate that the transdermal peptide-hCOL3A hydrogel effectively enhances wound healing, likely by improving collagen bioavailability and supporting tissue regeneration. This study provides a promising strategy for the development of advanced biomaterials for skin repair. © 2026 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Acne vulgaris is a common and complex skin condition characterised by excess oil production, blocked pores, and inflammatory lesions, such as papules and nodules. While hormonal factors and sebum overproduction are key contributors, the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus has also been recognised as a contributing pathogen. Phloretin, a flavonoid present in plants, like apples, is a promising new compound for acne treatment. Its potential rests in a variety of biological activities beyond merely acting as an antioxidant. Phloretin displays anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, which could directly target both the inflammatory response and the bacterial component of acne. These multiple mechanisms of action indicate that a phloretin-based gel could offer a comprehensive solution for managing the condition. Antiacne gels containing varying concentrations of Carbopol and phloretin were prepared and evaluated. Key parameters included physical appearance, viscosity, pH, drug content, in vitro drug release, and antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis. The optimized hydrogel (F4) exhibited a pH of 6.68, viscosity of 35.9 cP, and drug content of 80.9%. In vitro release studies showed a maximum drug release of 75% over 120 minutes. The formulation displayed strong antimicrobial activity with an inhibition zone of 11 mm, comparable to the marketed benzoyl peroxide gel. The gel was also well tolerated, with no signs of skin irritancy. Antiacne gel containing phloretin can be regarded as a more effective treatment for acne. The optimized formulation consisted of phloretin, Carbopol, ethanol, sodium benzoate, PEG 400, propylene glycol, and triethanolamine, showing better results in terms of antimicrobial activity. Phloretin-based gel demonstrated promising antiacne potential, achieving effective drug release and significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis, while maintaining acceptable physicochemical and dermatological properties.

The current work highlighted the preparation method of Tanshinone IIA, Glycyrrhetinic acid Emulsion with eutectic (GT-eEmu) and investigated its effectiveness in the internal and external treatment of psoriasis. The optimal prescription ratios of the emulsions were screened based on single-factor and orthogonal experiments, in which the appearance, particle size, centrifugal stability, and placement stability of the emulsion were used as indicators. On this basis, the maximum drugs loading was determined and optimized by D-optimal. Then the gloss, consistency, uniformity, spreading, and centrifugal stability of the emulsion gel were used as indicators to screen the best preparation method of the emulsion gel. The gastrointestinal stability of GT-eEmu and the original drug was evaulated by the artificial gastrointestinal fluid test, while the irritation to the the gastrointestinal mucosa was investigated after treatment. In addition, the skin permeability and skin side effects of the preparation were studied. Finally, the therapeutic effects of various preparations on psoriasis in mice were studied based on PASI scores, HE pathological sections and the expression of SOCS1 and STAT3. The best optimized prescription of GT-eEmu was: oil phase 7%, emulsifier 4.5%, and emulsification temperature 60 ℃, where the drug loading of TSN IIA and GA were 0.17 and 0.70 g·L - 1 . The best preparation method for GT-eEmu-Gel was to add carbomer 980 with 6% gel matrix to the emulsion prepared by the optimized method, followed by mixing with triethanolamine and adjusting the pH to 6.0-7.0 to prepare a 0.5% carbomer matrix emulsion. The gastrointestinal stability experiment showed that the addition of eutectic ingredients did not cause significant irritation to the gastrointestinal tract, while the good permeability and sustained release of GT-eEmu-Gel were shown by in vitro release assays and the emulsion gel form could further reduce the irritation of eutectic to the skin. Finally, imiquimod-induced psoriasis animal model experiments indicated that GT-eEmu and its gel could reduce the degree of skin lesions and histopathological changes in model mice, and decrease the average expression of SOCS1 and STAT3, which indicated these preparation had therapeutic effects on psoriasis. Additionally, the "internal and external treatment" group had the best effect compared with the oral-only group, while there was a significant difference (P < 0.01) compared with the model group. The preparation process of GT-eEmu and GT-eEmu-Gel is stable and quality-controlled, which can improve the oral bioavail ability of both drugs to different degrees and reduce the irritation to the skin. The results showed that they have certain therapeutic effects on psoriasi, which can be safely administered orally and applied externally on the skin. At the same time, compared with the single treatment, the "internal and external combined treatment" method was the most effective, which indicates the concept of "internal and external combined treatment" method has practical significance.

To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity and mechanism of Panaxadiol saponins (PDS), develop a PDS-based gel for periodontitis treatment, and evaluate its therapeutic efficacy using a rat model of periodontitis. The anti-inflammatory effects of PDS were assessed using LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. ELISA and RT-qPCR were performed to detect inflammatory factors; Western blotting analyzed MAPK/NF-κB pathway-related proteins. A single-factor experiment was used to examine the effects of the dosages of carbomer 940, propylene glycol, and triethanolamine on the properties of the PDS gel and to evaluate its in vitro release versus in vitro permeation and retention on oral mucosa. A rat periodontitis model was established by ligation plus high-sugar feeding, and the efficacy of PDS gel in ameliorating periodontitis in rats was evaluated using gingival index scoring, micro-CT, HE staining, ELISA, and RT-qPCR to assess the state of periodontal tissues and inflammatory responses, and salivary microbiota analysis using 16S rRNA sequencing. PDS significantly reduced NO, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α release, inhibited their mRNA expression, and suppressed MAPK/NF-κB pathway-related proteins in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. The PDS gel exhibited good physicochemical properties, release performance, and mucosal permeability. PDS gel decreased gingival index, attenuated alveolar bone loss, reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, and lowered IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and RANKL mRNA levels in serum and periodontal tissue. It also regulated and restored the balance of salivary flora. PDS gel can inhibit the MAPK/NF-κB pathway-mediated inflammatory response, reduce bone destruction, and regulate bacterial dysbiosis, demonstrating good therapeutic prospects for periodontitis.

Anticancer therapies resistance, as well as their existing side effects, has become a significant issue worldwide. The demands of new anticancer agents that prevent cancer from developing and growing or spreading are increasing day by day. In this regard, our investigation assessed the cytotoxic and anticancer properties of secondary metabolites (SMs) obtained from understudied endophytic bacteria inhibiting Alliaria petiolata. The identified SMs were further screened by computational analysis against angiogenic factors of cancer. As a result, the leaf sample-associated isolate was identified as Enterobacter hormaechei AP2 strain. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis has shown the existence of 27 compounds present in the crude extract with main compounds being; 4,4-Ethylenedioxy-1-pentylamine (22.54%), Triethanolamine (15.17%) and 2-isobutoxyethyl acetate (12.51%). The extract showed anticancer activity with IC50 = 145 µM against the human glioblastoma cell line and cytotoxic activity with LC50 = 214.1 μg/mL against Artemia salina nauplii. The metabolite; 3-(2-Methylpropyl)hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione was predictively found most effective by computational analysis against angiogenic factors of cancer. It also demonstrated high intestinal solubility as well as low toxicity. In conclusion, the presence of E. hormaechei within A. petiolata may provide a wealth of bioactive chemicals. Validating the current discovery, purification, its biosynthesis route and other biological functions were recommended for additional research.

Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG), a rare immune-mediated dermatosis characterized by painful, necrotic, and rapidly progressive ulcers, is often associated with systemic diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis, posing significant clinical management challenges. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of comprehensive nursing strategies for PG patients through retrospective analysis, summarize clinical nursing experiences, and provide references for improving patient outcomes. Clinical data from 7 PG patients admitted to Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, between January 2014 and December 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. Seven cases were diagnosed with PG according to the Delphi expert consensus criteria. All patients received systemic immunosuppressive therapy (primarily glucocorticoids, with some combined with immunosuppressants) and multidimensional nursing interventions (including ward management, wound care, pain control, comorbidity monitoring, psychological care, and health education). Following systemic treatment and comprehensive nursing, all 7 patients achieved significant ulcer healing. The average pain score decreased from 7.86 ± 1.07 at admission to 0.86 ± 0.90 at discharge, with no severe complications reported. Individualized wound management (e.g., topical triethanolamine cream) and strict infection control were critical to therapeutic success. However, 2 cases developed secondary infections due to suboptimal ward isolation. Within the limitations of this small retrospective case series, our findings suggest that multidimensional comprehensive nursing interventions may serve as a beneficial adjunct to systemic medical therapy for PG patients, potentially contributing to wound healing, pain alleviation, and complication reduction. However, the observed outcomes cannot be definitively attributed solely to nursing care due to the lack of a control group. Future prospective, multicenter, and controlled studies with larger cohorts are essential to validate the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of these comprehensive nursing strategies. Nonetheless, optimizing protective isolation measures remains a critical practical consideration to mitigate infection risk in these vulnerable patients.

This study focused on the development of a miconazole nanogel formulation. The nanogel was prepared using the solvent diffusion method (high-speed homogenization) with Carbopol 940/chitosan/locust bean gum (Different gelling agents were used) and triethanolamine. The formulation was thoroughly evaluated for various physicochemical properties, including appearance, pH, FTIR analysis, viscosity, washability, spreadability, extrudability, drug content, entrapment efficiency, particle size, zeta potential, optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), skin irritation, ex-vivo skin penetration, in-vitro diffusion, in-vitro antifungal activity, and stability. The prepared nanogel exhibited a clear, homogenous, white appearance with a pH compatible to skin pH (5.4-6.2). FTIR analysis confirmed the compatibility between the drug and polymers. The nanogel demonstrated good viscosity (3239-4175 cps), washability, and spreadability (2.5-3.5). Extrudability studies revealed easy extrusion of the formulation. Drug content ranged from 90.15% to 99.36%, with entrapment efficiency between 78.85% and 95.00%. The nanogel had a particle size of 534 nm and a zeta potential of -37.7 mV. Microscopic analysis showed spherical nanoparticles. DSC analysis indicated no change in the melting point of miconazole, which is one of the characteristics that confirm the stability of the drug with excipients. Skin irritation studies on rats revealed no erythema or edema after 24 h. In-vitro drug release ranged from 86.12% to 99.00%. Ex-vivo skin penetration and retention were higher for the nanogel than the marketed gel. In-vitro antifungal studies demonstrated superior activity of the nanogel compared to the marketed and standard formulations. Stability studies revealed no significant changes in drug content, extrudability, spreadability, pH, or in-vitro drug release. The developed miconazole nanogel formulation exhibited promising characteristics, including controlled drug release, enhanced skin penetration, and antifungal activity. It represents a potential advancement in topical antifungal therapy.

In the quest for an ideal wound healing material, human amniotic membrane (AM), tilapia skin collagen (TSC), and Centella asiatica (CA) have been studied separately for their healing potential. In this study, we formulated AM, TSC, and CA gel and studied their competency and wound healing efficacy in vivo. Gel was formulated using AM, TSC, CA, Carbopol 934, acrylic acid, glycerine, and triethanolamine and physicochemical properties e.g.,pH, water absorption, swelling variation, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were determined. Biological properties were determined by skin irritation study, brine shrimp lethality, andantibacterial activity. Wound healing potential was determined by applying gel to second-degree burnsin vivoby observing wound contracture, epithelialization period, and histological features. The gel was non-lethal to brine shrimp and had anti-bacterial activity and showed no edema or erythema after 7 days of topical application. After 21 days of treatment, the AM + TSC + CA group significantly (P < 0.001) accelerated wound contraction (95.75 ± 0.44%)whereasthenegative control had the lowest healing rate (40.32 ± 2.11%). Wound contraction rates of AM + TSC and TSC + CA groups were (68.12 ± 1.46%) and (82.52 ± 1.74%) respectively.Epithelialization period for AM + TSC + CA was only 22.7days whereas AM, TSC, CA, AM + TSC, AM + CA, TSC + CA, positive control, and negative control needed 29.3, 30.7, 31.3, 27.3, 26, 26.6, 25.3 and 36.6 days respectively. Histological analysis showed better healing potential for AM + TSC + CA regarding epidermal regeneration, blood vessel formation, and collagen deposition. The gel was biocompatible and in vivostudies with Wistar rats exhibited better wound healing capabilities than individual components of the gel alone.

Background With the rise in cosmetic usage, adverse reactions related to cosmetics have also risen. Photocontact dermatitis to cosmetics is a challenging entity to diagnose and manage. Objectives To evaluate the clinical features and photocontact sensitivity patterns in patients with cosmetic dermatitis and establish their association based on patch and photopatch test results. Methods A prospective observational study, where 80 patients with a clinical diagnosis of cosmetic dermatitis were patch or photopatch tested (as per indication) with the Indian standard series, Indian cosmetic and fragrance series, and the patient's personal product(s). Results A total of 104 positive reactions were observed in 57/80 patients, of which 50 were relevant to cosmetics usage. Sixty-five patients underwent a photopatch test, and 17 tested positive. Photosensitivity in patients was significantly associated with a positive photopatch test (p-value < 0.001). Various new photo-allergens were discovered, including propylene glycol, triethanolamine, chloroacetamide, isopropyl myristate, cetrimide and hexamine. Facial melanosis was a predominant clinical finding in 44 patients, with pigmented contact dermatitis detected in 19 (43.2%) of these cases. Limitations Patients' personal products could not be tested on every patient. Chemical analysis of indigenous products and the individual chemical ingredients of the patient's personal products could not be patch-tested separately. Phototesting was not performed in patients with photosensitivity. Conclusion In patients with suspected cosmetic dermatitis with history of photosensitivity or those with facial melanosis of unknown origin, a photopatch test is crucial to detect potentially hidden photo allergens. Many new photo allergens have emerged in the present study. Cosmetic companies should provide detailed information regarding each constituent of the cosmetic products.