ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE

Skin cancer has been the leading type of cancer worldwide. Melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers are now the most common types of skin cancer that have been reached to epidemic proportion. Based on the rapid prevalence of skin cancers, and lack of efficient drug delivery systems, it is essential to surge the possible ways to prevent or cure the disease. Although surgical modalities and therapies have been made great progress in recent years, however, there is still an urgent need to alleviate its increased burden. Hence, understanding the precise pathophysiological signaling mechanisms and all other factors of such skin insults will be beneficial for the development of more efficient therapies. In this review, we explained new understandings about onset and development of skin cancer and described its management via polymeric micro/nano carriers-based therapies, highlighting the current key bottlenecks and future prospective in this field. In therapeutic drug/gene delivery approaches, polymeric carriers-based system is the most promising strategy. This review discusses that how polymers have successfully been exploited for development of micro/nanosized systems for efficient delivery of anticancer genes and drugs overcoming all the barriers and limitations associated with available conventional therapies. In addition to drug/gene delivery, intelligent polymeric nanocarriers platforms have also been established for combination anticancer therapies including photodynamic and photothermal, and for theranostic applications. This portfolio of latest approaches could promote the blooming growth of research and their clinical availability.

Terbinafine (TBF) is commonly used in the management of fungal infections of the skin because of its broad spectrum of activity. Currently, formulations containing the free base and salt form are available. However, there is only limited information in the literature about the physicochemical properties of this drug and its uptake by the skin. In this work, we conducted a comprehensive characterisation of TBF, and we also examined its percutaneous absorption in vitro in porcine skin. TBF-free base was synthesised from the hydrochloride salt by a simple proton displacement reaction. Both the free base and salt form were further analysed using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). Delivery of TBF-free base in excised porcine skin was investigated from the following solvents: Isopropyl myristate (IPM), propylene glycol monolaurate (PGML), Transcutol ® (TC), propylene glycol (PG), polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG 200), oleic acid (OL), ethanol (EtOH), and isopropyl alcohol (IPA). Permeation and mass balance studies confirmed that PG and TC were the most efficacious vehicles, delivering higher amounts of TBF-free base to the skin compared with a commercial gel ( p < 0.05). These preliminary results are promising and will inform the development of more complex formulations in future work.

Traditional formulations of salicylic acid in ointment bases have disadvantages of being greasy and irritant due to free crystals. To explore the method for selection of oils and their ratio for topical preparation on the basis of equilibrium solubility study of salicylic acid and to evaluate temperature effect. Scanning and calibration curve of salicylic acid in methanol were developed. Among available oils, those that had no interference of absorbance of salicylic acid were short-listed for screening purpose. Selections of oils were carried out on the basis of equilibrium solubility study. Compatibility study was made by Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy analysis. Primitive study of oil mixtures was done. Selections of the ratio of oils were carried out on basis of constrained simplex-centroid design. Salicylic acid had shown linearity in the range of 15-65 μg/mL in methanol at wavelength maximum (300 nm). From the equilibrium solubility study, Parker Neem® Oil (11.81 ± 0.5 mg/g), Isopropyl Myristate (11.29 ± 0.04 mg/g), Mogra Oil (9.62 ± 0.94 mg/g) were selected. The study possessed the same main Fourier transform infra-red peaks of salicylic acid in the salicylic acid-oils physical mixture. 58.64% Parker Neem® oil and 41.36% isopropyl myristate mixture was selected as optimized batch with the desirability of 0.391. The oils mixture could be selected for topical preparation of salicylic acid like paste, cream, ointment etc.