# WATER (water) — Global Cosmetic Regulatory & Formulation Monograph

- **Canonical URL**: https://www.inciname.com/en/ingredients/water
- **Standard INCI**: `WATER`
- **KR MFDS Standard Name**: `정제수`
- **CAS No.**: `7732-18-5`
- **EC / EINECS No.**: `231-791-2`
- **Origin**: `plant`
- **Functions**: 피부컨디셔닝제, 용제, 치면세균막제거제
- **Molecular Formula / MW**: `H2O` (18.015 g/mol)

## 1. 7-Track Official Regulatory Label Names
| Track | Official Label Nomenclature |
| :--- | :--- |
| KR (MFDS Standard) | 정제수 |
| KR (Former Names) | — |
| EU (CosIng 1223/2009) | AQUA |
| US (PCPC / MoCRA INCI) | WATER |
| US (FDA OTC Monograph) | PURIFIED WATER |
| CN (NMPA IECIC) | 水 |
| JP (JCIA / MHLW QD) | 水 (QD: 精製水) |

## 2. Layer 1 — Global 6-Region Statutory Summary
- **KR (MFDS)**: `none`
- **EU (1223/2009)**: `none`
- **US (FDA/MoCRA)**: `none`
- **CN (NMPA IECIC)**: `allowed` (Entry: `6260`)
- **JP (MHLW)**: `none`
- **ASEAN (ACD)**: `none`



## 3. Layer 2 — Toxicological & Historical Safe Use Concentrations
- **cn_iecic_max** (leave_on): ≤ 100% — NMPA IECIC (2025) Entry 06229 (2025)
- **cn_iecic_max** (rinse_off): ≤ 100% — NMPA IECIC (2025) Entry 06229 (2025)

## 4. Layer 3 — Formulation Quartiles & Compatibility
- **Optimal pH Window**: 2 – 12
- **Max Process Temp**: ≤ 100°C
- **Synergy Pairings**: GLYCERIN, BUTYLENE GLYCOL, PROPANEDIOL, 1,2-HEXANEDIOL, SODIUM PHYTATE
- **Incompatibilities**: Supports microbial growth (high water activity aw); requires broad-spectrum preservation and deionized purity (conductivity ≤ 1.3 µS/cm) to prevent trace Ca2+/Mg2+/Fe3+ destabilization of polymers and actives

## 5. Academic Monograph
■ [1. Chemical Identity & International Labeling Nomenclature]
  - INCI Name: WATER | CAS No.: 7732-18-5 | EC No.: 231-791-2
  - Origin: PLANT | Functions: Skin Conditioning, , 
  - Physicochemical Profile: Formula H2O | MW 18.015 g/mol | LogP -1.38 | Ionic Nature: non-ionic | PubChem CID 962
  - Official Regional Label Names: US [WATER] · EU [AQUA] · CN [水] · JP [水] · JP Quasi-Drug [精製水]
■ [2. Dermatological Mechanism of Action & Functional Role]
  - WATER functions primarily as , ,  in dermatological and cosmetic formulations. Classified under origin 'plant', it acts within the cosmetic vehicle or stratum corneum to deliver , ,  performance and structural formulation stability.
■ [3. Global 6-Jurisdiction Regulatory Status & Safety Limits (Layer 1 & Layer 2)]
  - Regional Summary: KR: NONE | EU: NONE | US: NONE | CN: ALLOWED | JP: NONE | ASEAN: NONE (CN IECIC (2025) Entry No. 6260 (水))
  - No specific Annex prohibition or numeric restriction across the 6 major jurisdictions (Permitted under general GMP safety assessment).
  - Official Safety & Historical Use Concentration (Layer 2): CN_IECIC_2025 (cn_iecic_max, leave_on): Max 100.0% / CN_IECIC_2025 (cn_iecic_max, rinse_off): Max 100.0%
■ [4. Formulation Dosage Guide by Product Category (Layer 3-A)]
  - [aqueous_serum] Typical range: 50.0 ~ 98.0% (Median 82.0%, Ref: USP/EP/KP Purified Water Monograph) — Primary aqueous vehicle & solvent (Q.S. to 100%)
  - [emulsion_cream] Typical range: 40.0 ~ 88.0% (Median 68.0%, Ref: Formulation Library (n=720)) — Aqueous phase medium for O/W and W/O emulsions
  - [anhydrous_balm] Typical range: 15.0 ~ 68.0% (Median 37.4%, Ref: Global Starter Formulation Library Statistical Distribution (n=13, GRANT 11 · SEPPIC 2)) — Anhydrous balm, oil & stick structural emollient
■ [5. Formulation Engineering, Stability & Incompatibility Matrix (Layer 3-B)]
  - Addition Phase: Water Phase (Base Vehicle)
  - Optimal pH Range: pH 2.0 ~ 12.0 | Max Process Temp: Max 100°C | Electrolyte Tolerance: HIGH
  - Incompatibility / Caution: Supports microbial growth (high water activity aw); requires broad-spectrum preservation and deionized purity (conductivity ≤ 1.3 µS/cm) to prevent trace Ca2+/Mg2+/Fe3+ destabilization of polymers and actives
  - Synergy Pairings: GLYCERIN, BUTYLENE GLYCOL, PROPANEDIOL, 1,2-HEXANEDIOL, SODIUM PHYTATE | Reference Trade Names: Purified Water USP/EP/KP, Aqua, Deionized Water
■ [6. Peer-Reviewed Literature & Official Compendia Evidence]
  - PMID 35628125 (2022, Int J Mol Sci): Revisiting the Roles of Filaggrin in Atopic Dermatitis.
  - PMID 34785003 (2021, Clin Dermatol): Nutrition and Water.
  - PMID 30998081 (2020, J Dermatolog Treat): Dry skin management: practical approach in light of latest research on skin structure and function.

## 6. Linked PubMed Literature
- [PMID: 35628125] Revisiting the Roles of Filaggrin in Atopic Dermatitis. — *Int J Mol Sci* (2022)
- [PMID: 34785003] Nutrition and Water. — *Clin Dermatol* (2021)
- [PMID: 30998081] Dry skin management: practical approach in light of latest research on skin structure and function. — *J Dermatolog Treat* (2020)
- [PMID: 42318967] Arsenic exposure and skin cancer: Mechanisms, clinical evidence and public health implications (Review) — *Int J Mol Med* (2026)
- [PMID: 42310055] Evaluation of the alkaline water effect on the salivary bacteria of children: preliminary randomized trial — *Sci Rep* (2026)
- [PMID: 42314242] Facilitatory effects of LY404187, a positive allosteric modulator of AMPA receptors, on swallowing initiation in anesthetized male rats — *Arch Oral Biol* (2026)
- [PMID: 42320815] Polysaccharide-based self-assembled hemp seed oil nanoemulgel ameliorates skin inflammation in a psoriasis mouse model — *Int J Biol Macromol* (2026)
- [PMID: 42320812] Hypromellose functionality in film-forming solutions: In vitro characterization and in silico optimization for topical administration of ketoprofen — *Int J Biol Macromol* (2026)
- [PMID: 42319562] Barbados aloe as a water-administered therapeutic against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in Clarias gariepinus: Effects on hemato-biochemical profiles, electrolyte homeostasis, antioxidant capacity, and tissue histology — *Vet Res Commun* (2026)
- [PMID: 42317390] Multifaceted mechanisms by which environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals promote cancer progression: crosstalk among carcinogenesis, immunity, and metabolic reprogramming: narrative mini-review — *Front Mol Biosci* (2026)
- [PMID: 42316521] Endoscopic Treatment of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding — *Korean J Helicobacter Up Gastrointest Res* (2026)
- [PMID: 42314808] Ethnopharmacological investigation of Elaeocarpus sylvestris leaf extract in mitigating atopic dermatitis-like lesions via inflammatory signaling modulation — *J Ethnopharmacol* (2026)
- [PMID: 42312444] Beneficial and risk effects of topic fluoride before and after 6 years old — *Eur J Paediatr Dent* (2026)
- [PMID: 42311220] A review on thermoresponsive PNIPAM hydrogels for regenerative medicine: from mechanical design to tissue adhesion — *Regen Biomater* (2026)
- [PMID: 42310844] Environmental persistence of fluoroquinolones: Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-based surveillance of contamination in water, soil, and food sources — *J Sci Food Agric* (2026)